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Neuroscientifically Challenged
United States
Приєднався 15 тра 2014
My 2-Minute Neuroscience videos will help you learn the basics of neuroscience in short, easy-to-understand snippets. It's important to note, however, that the videos are only 2 minutes long and full of information. You may want to pause, rewind, re-watch, use the closed captioning, and/or look at the transcript in the info section of the video---especially if you are learning this material for the first time.
As of May 2023, I have begun adding 10-Minute Neuroscience videos to my channel. So, if you’re looking for more information than a 2-minute video can provide, check for a 10-minute video that covers the same topic!
Unless otherwise indicated, all of the drawings used in my videos are drawn by me (Marc Dingman).
The banner image on my channel is a CC image courtesy of Bruno Pascal. The work can be seen here: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_astrocyte.png and the CC license can be seen here: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
As of May 2023, I have begun adding 10-Minute Neuroscience videos to my channel. So, if you’re looking for more information than a 2-minute video can provide, check for a 10-minute video that covers the same topic!
Unless otherwise indicated, all of the drawings used in my videos are drawn by me (Marc Dingman).
The banner image on my channel is a CC image courtesy of Bruno Pascal. The work can be seen here: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_astrocyte.png and the CC license can be seen here: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
2-Minute Neuroscience: Seasonal Affective Disorder
Seasonal affective disorder is a subtype of depression or bipolar disorder in which symptoms appear at specific times of the year and go into full remission at other times. In this video, I discuss some of the hypothesized neurobiological mechanisms underlying seasonal affective disorder.
TRANSCRIPT:
Seasonal affective disorder is a subtype of depression or bipolar disorder in which symptoms appear at specific times of the year and go into full remission at other times. The condition most commonly develops during fall or winter, but spring or summer cases do also occur. In order to be diagnosed with seasonal affective disorder, someone must meet the criteria for major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, but also display seasonal patterns with their symptoms for at least two years.
The mechanisms underlying seasonal affective disorder are not fully understood, and are likely not the same in every case. One hypothesis is that seasonal affective disorder is linked to a disruption in circadian rhythms, the 24-hour cycles that regulate the function of our bodies. According to this hypothesis, in some individuals circadian rhythms may not adjust appropriately when the length of the day changes with the seasons. This could lead to a misalignment of circadian rhythms and environmental light, as well as a misalignment of biological processes like melatonin release and sleep. While this does not seem to explain all cases of seasonal affective disorder, it does provide an explanation for why exposure to very bright light, as is done in bright light therapy, has been found to be effective in treating some cases of the disorder.
Several other hypotheses have been proposed to explain seasonal affective disorder, some of which might be also linked to circadian rhythm disruption. For example, studies have found that some individuals with seasonal affective disorder might have deficiencies in retinal sensitivity to light. Other studies suggest low levels of vitamin D could play a role in some cases, and abnormalities in levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine have also been implicated.
REFERENCES:
Galima SV, Vogel SR, Kowalski AW. Seasonal Affective Disorder: Common Questions and Answers. Am Fam Physician. 2020 Dec 1;102(11):668-672. PMID: 33252911.
Rohan KJ, Roecklein KA, Haaga DAF. Biological and Psychological Mechanisms of Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Review and Integration. Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2009;5:37-47.
Sohn CH, Lam RW. Update on the biology of seasonal affective disorder. CNS Spectr. 2005 Aug;10(8):635-46; quiz 1-14. doi: 10.1017/s109285290001960x. PMID: 16041295.
Image of trees appearing at the 10-second mark is the work of J. Hageluken, available at: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%A4ume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg
TRANSCRIPT:
Seasonal affective disorder is a subtype of depression or bipolar disorder in which symptoms appear at specific times of the year and go into full remission at other times. The condition most commonly develops during fall or winter, but spring or summer cases do also occur. In order to be diagnosed with seasonal affective disorder, someone must meet the criteria for major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, but also display seasonal patterns with their symptoms for at least two years.
The mechanisms underlying seasonal affective disorder are not fully understood, and are likely not the same in every case. One hypothesis is that seasonal affective disorder is linked to a disruption in circadian rhythms, the 24-hour cycles that regulate the function of our bodies. According to this hypothesis, in some individuals circadian rhythms may not adjust appropriately when the length of the day changes with the seasons. This could lead to a misalignment of circadian rhythms and environmental light, as well as a misalignment of biological processes like melatonin release and sleep. While this does not seem to explain all cases of seasonal affective disorder, it does provide an explanation for why exposure to very bright light, as is done in bright light therapy, has been found to be effective in treating some cases of the disorder.
Several other hypotheses have been proposed to explain seasonal affective disorder, some of which might be also linked to circadian rhythm disruption. For example, studies have found that some individuals with seasonal affective disorder might have deficiencies in retinal sensitivity to light. Other studies suggest low levels of vitamin D could play a role in some cases, and abnormalities in levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine have also been implicated.
REFERENCES:
Galima SV, Vogel SR, Kowalski AW. Seasonal Affective Disorder: Common Questions and Answers. Am Fam Physician. 2020 Dec 1;102(11):668-672. PMID: 33252911.
Rohan KJ, Roecklein KA, Haaga DAF. Biological and Psychological Mechanisms of Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Review and Integration. Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2009;5:37-47.
Sohn CH, Lam RW. Update on the biology of seasonal affective disorder. CNS Spectr. 2005 Aug;10(8):635-46; quiz 1-14. doi: 10.1017/s109285290001960x. PMID: 16041295.
Image of trees appearing at the 10-second mark is the work of J. Hageluken, available at: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%A4ume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg
Переглядів: 2 070
Відео
2-Minute Neuroscience: Zolpidem (Ambien)
Переглядів 5 тис.Місяць тому
Zolpidem, better known by the brand name Ambien, is a medication primarily used to treat insomnia and other sleep-related problems. In this video, I discuss the safety and effectiveness of zolpidem as well as how it works in the brain to promote sleep. TRANSCRIPT: Zolpidem, better known by the brand name Ambien, is a medication primarily used to treat insomnia and other sleep-related problems. ...
10-Minute Neuroscience: Depression
Переглядів 13 тис.6 місяців тому
In this video, I discuss the neuroscience of depression. First, I cover the serotonin hypothesis, which suggests depression is caused by low levels of serotonin in the brain, and I explain why this hypothesis does not fully explain what’s happening in the brain to cause depression. Then, I cover several other hypotheses, including those that focus on dysregulation in the HPA axis, immune system...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Sleepwalking
Переглядів 9 тис.7 місяців тому
Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, involves walking and other behaviors that are performed during incomplete arousal from sleep. In this video, I discuss some hypotheses about what happens in the brain to cause sleepwalking. TRANSCRIPT: Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, involves walking and other behaviors that are performed during incomplete arousal from sleep. Sleepwalking episodes can last for anyw...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Vertigo
Переглядів 9 тис.7 місяців тому
Vertigo involves the illusion of movement, where someone either feels like they or the environment around them is moving-usually in a spinning manner. In this video I discuss the role of the vestibular system and related structures in producing vertigo. TRANSCRIPT: Vertigo involves the illusion of movement, where someone either feels like they, or the environment around them, is moving-usually ...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Migraine
Переглядів 19 тис.8 місяців тому
Migraine is a chronic neurological condition involving repeated headaches as well as a variety of other symptoms. In this video, I discuss the neurological mechanisms thought to underlie migraine. TRANSCRIPT: Migraine is a chronic neurological condition involving repeated headaches that are frequently severe and are accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and an increased sensi...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Methylphenidate
Переглядів 37 тис.9 місяців тому
Methylphenidate, better known as Ritalin or Concerta, is a stimulant medication primarily used to treat ADHD. In this video, I discuss how methylphenidate affects the brain and how this is thought to lead to therapeutic effects in ADHD. TRANSCRIPT: Methylphenidate is a stimulant medication primarily used to treat ADHD, although it is sometimes also used to treat daytime sleepiness associated wi...
10-Minute Neuroscience: Visual Pathways
Переглядів 48 тис.9 місяців тому
In this video, I cover the pathway visual information travels moving from the eye to the visual cortex and surrounding areas. First, I discuss the components of the eye that focus light on the retina. Then, I describe the anatomy of the retina along with the functions of the different cell types found there. Next, I cover the pathways that carry visual information from the retina to the primary...
2-Minute Neuroscience: DMT
Переглядів 69 тис.10 місяців тому
DMT is naturally produced in a variety of plants and animals (including humans) and is also a potent psychoactive drug known for its ability to cause intense hallucinations and psychedelic experiences. In this video, I discuss how DMT might act in the brain to produce its unique effects. TRANSCRIPT: DMT is a substance that’s produced naturally in a variety of plants and animals, including human...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Cochlear Implants
Переглядів 17 тис.11 місяців тому
A cochlear implant is an electronic device that can restore sound perception in people with certain types of severe hearing loss by picking up sound from the environment, converting that sound into electrical impulses, and transmitting those impulses directly to the auditory nerve. In this video, I discuss the components of a cochlear implant and how they work together to create sound perceptio...
10-Minute Neuroscience: Action Potentials
Переглядів 36 тис.11 місяців тому
10-Minute Neuroscience: Action Potentials
2-Minute Neuroscience: Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
Переглядів 29 тис.Рік тому
2-Minute Neuroscience: Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
2-Minute Neuroscience: Sleep Paralysis
Переглядів 139 тис.Рік тому
2-Minute Neuroscience: Sleep Paralysis
2-Minute Neuroscience: Fatal Insomnia
Переглядів 44 тис.Рік тому
2-Minute Neuroscience: Fatal Insomnia
2-Minute Neuroscience: Schizophrenia
Переглядів 290 тис.2 роки тому
2-Minute Neuroscience: Schizophrenia
2-Minute Neuroscience: COVID-19 & the Brain
Переглядів 56 тис.2 роки тому
2-Minute Neuroscience: COVID-19 & the Brain
2-Minute Neuroscience: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Переглядів 516 тис.2 роки тому
2-Minute Neuroscience: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
2-Minute Neuroscience: Restless Legs Syndrome
Переглядів 329 тис.2 роки тому
2-Minute Neuroscience: Restless Legs Syndrome
2-Minute Neuroscience: Brain Aneurysms
Переглядів 103 тис.2 роки тому
2-Minute Neuroscience: Brain Aneurysms
2-Minute Neuroscience: Bell's Palsy
Переглядів 456 тис.2 роки тому
2-Minute Neuroscience: Bell's Palsy
Nope
So essentially it's the sections of the brain. Nearest the eyes and the ears. In other words, you're imagining things that are distressing. Quiet your eyes and ears. And refocus them on what you're actually seeing and hearing in the world around you. Rather than what you're seeing and hearing in your mind
No, not really. I had a couple people in my life do it and they were never the same.
Methadone saved my life
Thanks for this !
And as an OCD sufferer, I have trouble even getting up from my bed or even moving fearing that something or someone may harm me if I do so (it is so terrifying for me to even write this out or read what I wrote) 🤐
This happen to me
Thcjd är helt sjuk
PSSD is real... and roughly (and rather significant) 1/250 people will experience a long-lasting sexual dysfunction. Even after a very short period of time taking these medications.
I’ve had ruinously bad experiences with it It reduces dopamine, I think people don’t take it seriously enough considering it’s an unregulated hormone
Brain overgrowth explains my melon head and larger than normal hat size
Why 3 Na+ and 2 k+ and not 3 na and 3k?
There's something I do that always always works and wakes me up immediately, I move my neck to either side (as if I'm trying to pop it?), and I wake up right away.
Demonic pills. They devastate lives.
Cuz beyond this physical veil is soul u cant cut soul.
Could you please speak slower? I know there’s a tool to raise or reduce speed here but… too fast 💨
ı heard the cortizol itself can trigger the hpa axis making the stress response a loop in terms of depression or anxiety disorders. ı could not make the connection. :(
"The perfect storm of bad luck"💯
I am asking this seriously: At the end of the video the cause of schizophrenia was addressed. You explained that the dopamine imbalance/abnormality could be caused by both genetic and environmental influences. My question is: is it commonly known that the environmental influence could be trauma like for instance a sexual molestation event or am I way off base?
I am from India. My symptoms are somewhat similar to schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, a person feels that someone is actually in front of him and he is talking to him, but I am talking to someone in my mind and I know that all this is happening in my mind only. Not only any person but the shapes of any object, place, house etc. keep coming to my mind all the time. This has been happening to me since childhood. As a result, I feel very scared of people, nervous and depressed. Can you tell which disease could this be?
Psychedelics healed me. I can't explain it but my experience has been quite spiritual. Depression and anxiety entirely gone.
I have never received any noticeable effect from it. Almost immune to it. Now Meff. Works for me. But never Molly. Either ROA I’ve attempted. .5-1g should be enough for a 170lb dude. But maybe Suboxone pain treatment is affecting it
Among us
i learned abourt magensium for ocd from google search
it happened again yesterday after ages, most terrifying experience ever.
Thank you🌹🌹
very nice video with great explanation
Watching 20 mins into d exam
Watching 20 mins into d exam
When a 60 sec video makes you realize you've just been autistic you're entire life 😮
GoodReads link?
Make some videos on anesthesia/analgesia please!
i decided to take a nap during the day in my room and it was bright. I thought I had woke up as I could see my bright white room and my ceiling clearly, I could hear my brother and my mum talking in the room beside me. As I tried to get up I realised I was paralysed and this created an unexplainable sense of fear. I started trying to shout for help into the other room but it felt like I was shouting into a vacuum. Started feeling like i couldn’t breathe properly. I looked at my ceiling and demon faces started appearing. I felt a strange force that started to pull me down my bed from my feet but it didn’t feel like hands. The force was strong and overpowering and I felt useless. I ended up on the floor but the woke up to reality that it was a dream. Seriously scared to go to sleep incase this happens again.
im curious if this can help those with low dopamine. if methylphendate only block reuptake then what if all of the dopamine is already transported to the post synaptic?
Still can't figure out is depression is sadness or a disease? 😔
HELPMEEE
This is great but please can you speak a bit slower? that's a lot of information to catch at that speed
Okay, so the thinking here is that the NMDA receptors basically become "constipated" as it were and that really messes up the brain's functions.
Watching this to help me quit vaping>
Just had it a few minutes back and I realised what I experienced was sleep paralysis I am still shit scared but being a science girl, science always calms me down so I just came here to know about it and is feeling better knowing that i am not the only one to experience it and even if there is any evil spirit behind it I hope it wards off I renounce it! So that it never comes to me back again
Had this regularly as a teen. It started after I tried lucid dreaming for a while (don't know if it was related). Was scary as hell. I ended up finding out that if I ignore it and don't try to wake up, it vanishes quickly. It became way less scary and eventually never happened again.
Wow epic two minute explanation! THANKS! :)
When i sleep sometimes i feel like i am falling is that sleep paralysis?
This has to be one of the most interesting neurological disorders I've heard of. Can the brain's body schema change?
Yes, it's thought to constantly change throughout the lifespan (e.g., as the body grows). But disorders can occur when it doesn't match up with the physical body. Another hypothesized example is in phantom limb, when someone loses a limb (or other body part) and has the sense that it is still there. Some neuroscientists think this can happen when the body schema doesn't update itself to correspond to the abrupt change to the physical body.
Sleep paralysis can become less scary the better you understand it and more experienced you are. In fact it can even benefit you if you're wanting to lucid dream
This is a terrible condition 😢
Is there also a condition where you imagine a body part SHOULD be there - which isn't? Like a tail or wings. Not talking about some fantasies, but real sensations that there are extra body parts.
if ur talking tail & wings search up therianthropy
@@sweettea856 i've read about this, but does this come together with these sensations? I don't wanna hurt anybodys feelings, but furries and therianthropists conditions seemed more psychological than neurological, to me. But I'm happy to learn more.
Along the same use of lateral thinking, would they still experience phantom pain of mentally they never believed they had that limb?
@@richardh9828 yep, it's called a phantom limb sensation (that's probably not the right word for it but it's the best I can do to describe it)
@@sweettea856 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernumerary_phantom_limb
Thank you
A question for everyone who watches this video: Why do cells go through action potential?
Prenatal hypoxia couldve been my cause.